【OG24-596题】The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?

It is the available technology that determines workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills influencing the application of technology. All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need. Some organizational change is caused by people; some is caused by computer chips. Most major technological advances in industry have been generated through research and development. Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but educated workers can create whole new skills areas by the adaptation of the technology.

正确答案： A

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出Jon Clark对电话交换机现代化影响的研究，其贡献在于参与了技术决定论和社会建构主义这两个活跃议题的辩论。接着阐述Clark的观点，即技术对工作技能和组织有决定性影响，而社会建构主义（以Braverman分析为例）认为技术系统形状服从于管理者控制劳动力的欲望，技术变革是利益相关方协商结果。然后提到建构主义者通过错误表述技术决定论来获得认可。最后说Clark从理论和实证两方面驳斥了建构主义者的极端观点。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为观点对比型。逻辑简图： Introduction：Jon Clark's study contributes to debate on technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark's view：Technology has decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Social constructivism view：Technology system shape is subordinate to manager's desire, tech change is result of negotiations. Constructivists' misrepresentation：Misrepresent technological determinism to gain acceptance. Clark's refutation：Refutes constructivists' extremes both theoretically and empirically. 做题方法及问题类型
这是一道细节推断题，通过定位文中对社会建构主义者关于技术决定论观点的描述部分来解题。 选项分析
A选项：“It is the available technology that determines workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills influencing the application of technology.”（是可用技术决定工人技能，而非工人技能影响技术应用），符合社会建构主义者错误表述的技术决定论观点，即技术外在于社会，能直接影响技能，所以A正确。 B选项：“All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need.”（工业技术的所有进步源于技术可能性和人类需求之间的持续协商），这是社会建构主义本身的观点，不是其对技术决定论的版本，排除。 C选项：“Some organizational change is caused by people; some is caused by computer chips.”（一些组织变革由人引起，一些由计算机芯片引起），文中未提及此内容，排除。 D选项：“Most major technological advances in industry have been generated through research and development.”（工业中大多数重大技术进步是通过研发产生的），文中未涉及，排除。 E选项：“Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but educated workers can create whole new skills areas by the adaptation of the technology.”（一些工业技术消除工作岗位，但受过教育的工人可以通过适应技术创造全新技能领域），文中无相关表述，排除。

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