【OG24-595题】Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?

He respects its wide-ranging popularity. He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the influence of managers. He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected. He is concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies. He is sympathetic to its concern about the impact of modern technology on workers.

正确答案： B

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出Jon Clark对电话交换机现代化影响的研究对技术史和社会学中技术决定论与社会建构主义这两个议题的辩论有贡献。接着阐述Clark的观点，即技术特征对工作技能和组织有决定性影响，他认为这一可能性被以Braverman分析为代表的社会建构主义潮流所掩盖。社会建构主义认为技术系统的形状从属于管理者控制劳动力的欲望，技术变革是利益相关方协商的结果。然后说明建构主义者通过歪曲技术决定论获得认可。最后提到Clark从理论和实证两方面驳斥建构主义者的极端观点。 文章类型与逻辑简图
文章类型：新旧观点对比 逻辑简图： Jon Clark's study → contribute to debate (technological determinism vs social constructivism) Clark's view: technology has decisive influence (obscured by social constructivism, e.g., Braverman's analysis) Social constructivism view: technology is subordinate to managers' desire, result of negotiations Constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting determinism Clark refutes constructivists' extremes 做题方法与问题类型
本题为细节题，通过定位文中Clark对Braverman观点相关描述的句子来解题。定位提示句子为“Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis” 。 选项分析
A选项：文中未提及Clark尊重Braverman观点的广泛受欢迎程度，无中生有，排除。 B选项：根据文中“Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis”可知，Clark不认可Braverman分析中对管理者影响的不当强调，该项正确。 C选项：文章未表明Clark赞赏其对受影响工人态度的考虑，排除。 D选项：文中没有提到Clark担心其对新技术实施的阻碍，排除。 E选项：Clark并非同情其对现代技术对工人影响的关注，而是不认可其观点，排除。

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