【OG24-541题】The author of the passage refers to Pliny most probably in order to_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Resin is a plant secretion that hardens when exposed to air; fossilized resin is called amber. Although Pliny in the first century recognized that amber was produced from "marrow discharged by trees," amber has been widely misunderstood to be a semiprecious gem and has even been described in mineralogy textbooks. Confusion also persists surrounding the term "resin,"which was defined before rigorous chemical analyses were available. Resin is often confused with gum, a substance produced in plants in response to bacterial infections, and with sap, an aqueous solution transported through certain plant tissues. Resin differs from both gum and sap in that scientists have not determined a physiological function for resin.

In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects. Fraenkel conjectured that plants initially produced resin in nonspecific chemical responses to insect attack and that, over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects. But some insect species, he noted, might overcome the repellent effects, actually becoming attracted to the resin. This might induce the insects to feed on those plants or aid them in securing a breeding site. Later researchers suggested that resin mediates the complex interdependence, or "coevolution," of plants and insects over time. Such ideas led to the development of the specialized discipline of chemical ecology, which is concerned with the role of plant chemicals in interactions with other organisms and with the evolution and ecology of plant antiherbivore chemistry (plants' chemical defenses against attack by herbivores such as insects).

The author of the passage refers to Pliny most probably in order to

give an example of how the nature of amber has been misunderstood in the past show that confusion about amber has long been more pervasive than confusion about resin make note of the first known reference to amber as a semiprecious gem point out an exception to a generalization about the history of people's understanding of amber demonstrate that Pliny believed amber to be a mineral

正确答案： D

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇介绍树脂（resin）暴露在空气中会硬化，化石树脂被称为琥珀（amber）。指出尽管普林尼在公元1世纪就对琥珀有所认知，但琥珀一直被误解为半宝石，相关混淆也存在于对“树脂”一词的定义中。接着说明树脂常与树胶（gum）、树液（sap）混淆，且科学家尚未确定树脂的生理功能。然后讲述20世纪50年代昆虫学家提出树脂可能用于驱赶或吸引昆虫，弗伦克尔推测植物产生树脂的原因及昆虫的反应，后来的研究人员认为树脂介导了植物和昆虫的协同进化，这推动了化学生态学的发展。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为现象解释型。逻辑简图： Resin & amber: Resin hardens in air, fossilized resin is amber. Misunderstood as semiprecious gem, confusion about "resin" too. Resin's function: 1950s, entomologists' idea; Fraenkel's conjecture; later researchers' view on co evolution and development of chemical ecology. 问题类型及做题方法
问题类型为目的题，做题方法是定位到文中提到Pliny的句子“Although Pliny in the first century recognized that amber was produced from "marrow discharged by trees," amber has been widely misunderstood to be a semiprecious gem and has even been described in mineralogy textbooks.”，分析作者提及Pliny的意图。 选项分析
A选项：“give an example of how the nature of amber has been misunderstood in the past”。虽然琥珀被误解是文章内容，但提及Pliny主要不是为了举例说明琥珀被误解的方式，而是强调误解存在时间长，A选项不准确。 B选项：“show that confusion about amber has long been more pervasive than confusion about resin”。文中未对琥珀和树脂的混淆程度进行比较，B选项无中生有。 C选项：“make note of the first known reference to amber as a semiprecious gem”。普林尼并未将琥珀认定为半宝石，C选项与原文不符。 D选项：“point out an exception to a generalization about the history of people's understanding of amber”。文章整体说人们对琥珀有误解，而普林尼在公元1世纪就对琥珀的产生有一定正确认知，是人们对琥珀理解历史中的一个例外，D选项符合文意。 E选项：“demonstrate that Pliny believed amber to be a mineral”。原文未表明普林尼认为琥珀是矿物，E选项错误。

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