【OG24-498题】According to the passage, both theory A and theory B have been developed to explain how _mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Biologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. Because schooling is particularly widespread among species of small fish, both theories assume that schooling offers the advantage of some protection from predators.

Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible. Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200 meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the spheres of visibility overlap. Thus the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greater than the chance of the predator finding a single fish swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the individual fish because a predator's chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed throughout an area.

However, critics of theory A point out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility of escaping detection exists. They argue that the school continues to be of value to its members even after detection. They advocate theory B, the "confusion effect," which can be explained in two different ways.

Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision supposedly results from a predator's preference for striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish are almost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a predator to select one.The second explanation for the "confusion effect" has to do with the sensory confusion caused by a large number of prey moving around the predator. Even if the predator makes the decision to attack a particular fish, the movement of other prey in the school can be distracting. The predator's difficulty can be compared to that of a tennis player trying to hit a tennis ball when two are approaching simultaneously.

According to the passage, both theory A and theory B have been developed to explain how

fish hide from predators by forming schools forming schools functions to protect fish from predators schooling among fish differs from other protective behaviors small fish are able to make rapid decisions small fish are able to survive in an environment densely populated by large predators

正确答案： B

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文章大意逻辑
生物学家提出两种理论解释鱼类聚群行为。因为聚群在小型鱼类中很普遍，两种理论都认为聚群能让鱼从捕食者那里得到一些保护。理论A支持者反驳鱼群易被看见的假设，通过实验说明鱼的可见范围有限，聚群让捕食者发现单条鱼的概率降低。但理论A的批评者指出有些鱼在捕食者多的地方也聚群，提出理论B“混淆效应”，且该效应有两种解释方式。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为观点对比型。逻辑简图： Biologists: two theories to explain schooling protection from predators Theory A: dispute high visibility assumption, experiments show limited visibility, schooling reduces predator's chance of finding a single fish Critics of Theory A: some fish school in predator abundant areas, advocate Theory B "confusion effect" 做题方法及问题类型
这是一道细节题，通过题干中“theory A and theory B”定位到文章开头提到两种理论都认为聚群对鱼有保护作用的部分。 选项分析
A选项：文中未提及鱼通过聚群躲避捕食者的方式是隐藏，属于无中生有，排除。 B选项：符合两种理论都认为聚群行为是为了保护鱼免受捕食者侵害这一内容，当选。 C选项：文章没有将鱼类聚群与其他保护行为作对比，排除。 D选项：文中没有提到小鱼快速做决定相关内容，排除。 E选项：文章没有说小鱼在捕食者密集环境生存与聚群理论的关系，排除。

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