【OG24-499题】According to one explanation of the "confusion effect", a fish that swims in a school will have greater advantages for survival if it_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Biologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. Because schooling is particularly widespread among species of small fish, both theories assume that schooling offers the advantage of some protection from predators.

Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible. Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200 meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the spheres of visibility overlap. Thus the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greater than the chance of the predator finding a single fish swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the individual fish because a predator's chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed throughout an area.

However, critics of theory A point out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility of escaping detection exists. They argue that the school continues to be of value to its members even after detection. They advocate theory B, the "confusion effect," which can be explained in two different ways.

Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision supposedly results from a predator's preference for striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish are almost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a predator to select one.The second explanation for the "confusion effect" has to do with the sensory confusion caused by a large number of prey moving around the predator. Even if the predator makes the decision to attack a particular fish, the movement of other prey in the school can be distracting. The predator's difficulty can be compared to that of a tennis player trying to hit a tennis ball when two are approaching simultaneously.

According to one explanation of the "confusion effect", a fish that swims in a school will have greater advantages for survival if it

tends to be visible for no more than 200 meters stays near either the front or the rear of an school is part of a small school rather than a large school is very similar in appearance to the other fish in the school is medium-sized

正确答案： D

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文章大意逻辑
生物学家提出两种理论解释鱼类成群结队（schooling）现象，因为该现象在小型鱼类中尤为普遍，所以两种理论都假定成群能为鱼提供躲避捕食者的保护。理论A的支持者反驳鱼群易被看见的假设，通过实验说明鱼的可见范围有限，鱼群紧凑时捕食者发现鱼的概率增加不多，成群对个体鱼有利。然而，理论A的批评者指出有些鱼在捕食者多的地方也成群，提出理论B“混淆效应”，它有两种不同解释方式，但文章只问了关于“混淆效应”一种解释下鱼的生存优势，未提及另一种。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为新旧观点对比。 Introduction：Biologists have two theories to explain schooling of fish, both assume protection from predators. Theory A：Proponents dispute high visibility assumption, experiments show limited visibility range, schooling is advantageous. Criticism of Theory A & Theory B：Critics point out some fish school in predator abundant areas, advocate Theory B "confusion effect". 做题方法及问题类型
本题为细节题，通过题干中“confusion effect”定位到相关段落来寻找答案。 选项分析
A选项：文中未提及鱼在“confusion effect”下可见范围相关内容，无中生有，排除。 B选项：文章没有提到在“confusion effect”下鱼在鱼群前后位置与生存优势的关系，排除。 C选项：未提及鱼群大小在“confusion effect”下对生存优势的影响，排除。 D选项：根据“confusion effect”，鱼与鱼群中其他鱼外观相似能增加生存优势，符合文意，当选。 E选项：文中没有表明鱼的体型大小在“confusion effect”下对生存有影响，排除。

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