【OG24-497题】According to the passage, theory B states that which of the following is a factor that enables a schooling fish to escape predators?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Biologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. Because schooling is particularly widespread among species of small fish, both theories assume that schooling offers the advantage of some protection from predators.

Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible. Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200 meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the spheres of visibility overlap. Thus the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greater than the chance of the predator finding a single fish swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the individual fish because a predator's chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed throughout an area.

However, critics of theory A point out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility of escaping detection exists. They argue that the school continues to be of value to its members even after detection. They advocate theory B, the "confusion effect," which can be explained in two different ways.

Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision supposedly results from a predator's preference for striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish are almost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a predator to select one.The second explanation for the "confusion effect" has to do with the sensory confusion caused by a large number of prey moving around the predator. Even if the predator makes the decision to attack a particular fish, the movement of other prey in the school can be distracting. The predator's difficulty can be compared to that of a tennis player trying to hit a tennis ball when two are approaching simultaneously.

According to the passage, theory B states that which of the following is a factor that enables a schooling fish to escape predators?

the tendency of fish to form compact groups the movement of other fish within the school the inability of predators to detect schools the ability of fish to hide behind one another in a school the great speed with which a school can disperse

正确答案： B

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文章大意逻辑
生物学家提出两种理论解释鱼类群居现象。两种理论都认为群居能帮助小鱼抵御捕食者。理论A支持者认为鱼群虽庞大但不易被发现，实验表明鱼的可见范围有限，群居时被捕食者发现的概率更低。然而理论A的批评者指出，有些鱼在捕食者多的地方也群居，即便被发现鱼群也有价值，他们支持理论B“混淆效应”，该效应有两种解释方式（文章未展开）。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型：新旧观点对比 逻辑简图： Biologists: two theories to explain schooling protection from predators Theory A: dispute high visibility assumption, experiments show limited visibility, schooling reduces predation chance Critics of Theory A: some fish school in high predator areas, advocate Theory B (confusion effect) 做题方法及问题类型
本题为细节题，通过题干中“theory B”定位到文章中批评者支持理论B的相关内容来寻找答案。 选项分析
A选项：鱼形成紧密群体的倾向。文章未提及这是理论B中使群居鱼逃脱捕食者的因素，排除。 B选项：鱼群中其他鱼的移动。符合理论B“混淆效应”中可能的因素（虽然文章未具体展开，但从“混淆”角度可合理推测其他鱼的移动能起到混淆捕食者的作用），当选。 C选项：捕食者无法探测到鱼群。这是理论A的内容，不是理论B，排除。 D选项：鱼在鱼群中相互躲藏的能力。文章未提及此为理论B因素，排除。 E选项：鱼群分散的速度。文章未提及这与理论B相关，排除。

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