【OG24-558题】Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Historically, relations between workers and employers in the United States have often been characterized by the employment-at-will doctrine, according to which the duration of employment is determined by the employer and the grounds for termination are limited only by the provisions of contracts and specific statutes. Many state courts and legislatures have reevaluated this doctrine and have modified it by expanding the concept of wrongful termination, thereby increasing employer liability. Some economic theorists suggest that such changes tend to reduce employment in states that enact them, because protecting workers against wrongful termination raises the cost of labor to employers: firms will tend to spend more time and money screening potential employees, be reluctant to terminate less-productive workers, and incur greater legal expenses. In a study that took into account differences among states, researchers Dertouzos and Karoly concluded that states with wrongfultermination laws experienced a 2 percent to 5 percent drop in their employment rate as a result of adopting these laws. They also found that the impact on employment appears to be smallest in manufacturing, where unions have already institutionalized similar protection, and in small firms, perhaps because those firms’ lesser ability to pay damages makes it less profitable for employees to file wrongful-termination lawsuits against them.

Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

An idea is proposed and arguments against it are examined and then refuted. A doctrine is defined and reasons for favoring its adoption are listed. A doctrine is criticized, several possible alternatives are outlined, and one is endorsed. An idea is described, its antithesis is presented, and a synthesis of the two is proposed. A doctrine is defined, a revision to it is described, and the implications of that revision are discussed.

正确答案： E

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出美国工人和雇主之间的关系在历史上常以“任意雇佣”原则为特征，接着说明许多州法院和立法机构重新评估并修改了该原则，扩大了不当解雇的概念，增加了雇主责任。一些经济理论家认为这种改变会减少就业，之后研究人员通过研究得出采用这些法律的州就业率有下降，还发现对制造业和小公司影响较小。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为总分结构。逻辑简图： 1. Historically, employment at will doctrine: duration determined by employer, termination grounds limited by contracts and statutes. 2. Many states reevaluate and modify: expand wrongful termination concept, increase employer liability. 3. Economic theorists' view: such changes reduce employment. 4. Study by Dertouzos and Karoly: states with laws have employment rate drop; impact smallest in manufacturing and small firms. 做题方法及问题类型
这是一道文章组织结构题，做题方法是梳理文章的整体结构，看各个段落之间的关系。 选项分析
A选项：文章不是提出一个想法然后反驳反对观点，不符合文章结构，排除。 B选项：文章没有列出支持采用该原则的理由，排除。 C选项：文章没有批评该原则后列出替代方案并认可一个，排除。 D选项：文章没有呈现相反观点然后提出综合方案，排除。 E选项：文章先定义了“任意雇佣”原则，描述了对它的修订（扩大不当解雇概念），并讨论了修订的影响（对就业的影响等），符合文章结构，当选。

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