【OG24-530题】The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Manufacturers have to do more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale.It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady "throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer’s fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.

The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how. And challengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.

The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by

a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler a breakdown in the factory's machinery a labor dispute on the factory floor an increase in the cost per unit of output a drop in the efficiency of the sales network

正确答案： D

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文章大意逻辑
文章开头指出制造商要实现规模经济，仅建造大型制造工厂是不够的。接着说明随着生产运营能力上升，在达到“最低有效规模”时单位产出成本会下降，但只有稳定的“ throughput（物料流量）”才能充分实现最低有效规模。维持最佳生产规模的物料流量需要协调货物在生产过程中的流动、供应商的投入以及向批发商和最终消费者的产出。如果物料流量低于临界点，单位成本会急剧上升，利润消失。制造商的固定成本和沉没成本不会因生产下降而减少。然后提到潜在规模经济基于生产设施的物理和工程特性（有形资本），而已实现的规模经济是运营和组织层面的，依赖于知识、技能、经验和团队合作（即组织化的人力能力，无形资本）。最后以新的资本密集型制造业为例，说明此类行业很快会被率先充分利用工厂潜力的公司主导，而非率先拥有理论上最佳规模的高技术工厂的公司。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型：观点阐述型逻辑简图： Manufacturers need more than large plants for economies of scale. Capacity cost relationship & minimum efficient scale. Throughput is key for realizing minimum efficient scale, requires coordination. Fixed and sunk costs don't decrease with production decline. Potential vs. realized economies of scale (tangible vs. intangible capital). Example of new capital intensive manufacturing industries. 做题方法及问题类型
这是一道推断题，做题方法是根据文章中关于影响制造商“throughput（物料流量）”的相关描述，对每个选项进行分析判断。 选项分析
A选项：关于批发商选择的判断失误。文章提到要协调向批发商的产出，所以批发商选择失误可能影响物料流量，该选项不符合题意，排除。 B选项：工厂机器故障。这会影响生产过程，进而影响物料流量，不符合题意，排除。 C选项：工厂车间的劳资纠纷。会影响生产，对物料流量产生负面影响，不符合题意，排除。 D选项：单位产出成本增加。文章是说物料流量下降会导致单位产出成本上升，而不是单位产出成本增加反过来影响物料流量，该选项符合题意，当选。 E选项：销售网络效率下降。文章提到要协调销售网络的产出，所以销售网络效率下降会影响物料流量，不符合题意，排除。

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