【OG24-529题】In the context of the passage as a whole, the second paragraph serves primarily to_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Manufacturers have to do more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale.It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady "throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer’s fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.

The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how. And challengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.

In the context of the passage as a whole, the second paragraph serves primarily to

provide an example to support the argument presented in the first paragraph evaluate various strategies discussed in the first paragraph introduce evidence that undermines the argument presented in the first paragraph anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the first paragraph demonstrate the potential dangers of a commonly used strategy

正确答案： A

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出制造商要实现规模经济，不能仅靠建造大型工厂。接着说明随着生产运营能力上升，单位产出成本会下降，但要达到“最低有效规模”还需稳定的“吞吐量”，否则单位成本会上升、利润消失。还提到潜在规模经济基于有形资本，而实现的规模经济依赖于组织化的人力能力等无形资本。然后以新资本密集型制造业为例，说明此类行业并非由最先获得理论上最优规模技术复杂工厂的公司主导，而是由最先充分利用工厂潜力的公司主导，一旦某些公司做到这点，市场就很难进入。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为总分结构。逻辑简图：总述：Manufacturers need more than large plants to realize economies of scale. 分述： Minimum efficient scale requires steady throughput. Potential economies of scale based on tangible capital, realized ones on organized human capabilities. Example in new capital intensive manufacturing industries. 问题类型及做题方法
问题类型为功能题，做题方法是通过分析第二段与第一段的逻辑关系来判断第二段的作用。定位第一段与第二段的关键内容，看第二段如何与第一段衔接。 选项分析
A选项：“provide an example to support the argument presented in the first paragraph”，第二段以新资本密集型制造业为例，说明实现规模经济不能仅靠大型工厂，而是要充分利用工厂潜力，这是对第一段观点“制造商要实现规模经济不能仅靠建造大型工厂”的支持，该选项正确。 B选项：“evaluate various strategies discussed in the first paragraph”，第二段并非是对第一段策略的评估，排除。 C选项：“introduce evidence that undermines the argument presented in the first paragraph”，第二段是支持第一段观点，而非削弱，排除。 D选项：“anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the first paragraph”，第二段没有对第一段观点可能的反对意见进行预期，排除。 E选项：“demonstrate the potential dangers of a commonly used strategy”，第二段未体现常见策略的潜在危险，排除。

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