【OG24-473题】The passage suggests that the scholars mentioned in the highlighted text would argue that the reason banks tended not to fund manufacturing and transportation projects in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was that_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Historians remain divided over the role of banks in facilitating economic growth in the United States in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Some scholars contend that banks played a minor role in the nation's growing economy. Financial institutions, they argue, appeared only after the economy had begun to develop, and once organized, followed conservative lending practices, providing aid to established commercial enterprises but shunning those, such as manufacturing and transportation projects, that were more uncertain and capital-intensive (i.e., requiring greater expenditures in the form of capital than in labor).

A growing number of historians argue, in contrast, that banks were crucial in transforming the early national economy. When state legislatures began granting more bank charters in the 1790s and early 1800s, the supply of credit rose accordingly. Unlike the earliest banks, which had primarily provided short-term loans to well-connected merchants, the banks of the early nineteenth century issued credit widely. As Paul Gilje asserts, the expansion and democratization of credit in the early nineteenth century became the driving force of the American economy, as banks began furnishing large amounts of capital to transportation and industrial enterprises. The exception, such historians argue, was in the South; here, the overwhelmingly agrarian nature of the economy generated outright opposition to banks, which were seen as monopolistic institutions controlled by an elite group of planters.

The passage suggests that the scholars mentioned in the highlighted text would argue that the reason banks tended not to fund manufacturing and transportation projects in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was that

these projects, being well established and well capitalized, did not need substantial long-termfinancing from banks these projects entailed a level of risk that was too great for banks’ conservative lending practices banks preferred to invest in other, more speculative projects that offered the potential for higher returns bank managers believed that these projects would be unlikely to contribute significantly to economic growth in the new country bank managers believed funding these projects would result in credit being extended to too many borrowers

正确答案： B

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历史学家对于银行在美国18世纪末和19世纪初促进经济增长中所起的作用存在分歧。一些学者认为银行作用小，它们在经济发展后才出现，且遵循保守贷款做法，回避制造业和运输业项目。然而，越来越多历史学家持相反观点，认为银行在转变早期国家经济中至关重要，19世纪初银行信贷扩张并民主化，为运输和工业企业提供大量资金，只是南方因农业经济对银行持反对态度。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型：新旧观点对比逻辑简图： Old view：Some scholars contend that banks played a minor role in the nation's growing economy. Financial institutions appeared late and had conservative lending practices, shunning manufacturing and transportation projects. New view：A growing number of historians argue that banks were crucial in transforming the early national economy. Banks expanded and democratized credit in the early nineteenth century, providing capital to transportation and industrial enterprises. Exception was in the South. 做题方法及问题类型
问题类型：推断题。做题方法：通过定位文中高亮文本所涉及的“一些学者认为银行回避制造业和运输业项目”相关内容，推断其原因。定位提示句子为“Financial institutions...shunning those, such as manufacturing and transportation projects, that were more uncertain and capital intensive”。 选项分析
A选项：文中未提及这些项目已成熟且资金充足不需要银行长期融资，属于无中生有，排除。 B选项：根据“followed conservative lending practices...shunning those...that were more uncertain and capital intensive”可知，这些项目风险程度对银行保守贷款做法来说太大，符合文意，当选。 C选项：文中未表明银行更喜欢投资其他有更高回报潜力的投机项目，排除。 D选项：文中没有提及银行管理者认为这些项目对新国家经济增长贡献不大，排除。 E选项：文中未提到银行管理者认为资助这些项目会导致信贷发放给太多借款人，排除。

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