【OG24-540题】The author refers to "bacterial infections" most likely in order to (highlight)_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Resin is a plant secretion that hardens when exposed to air; fossilized resin is called amber. Although Pliny in the first century recognized that amber was produced from "marrow discharged by trees," amber has been widely misunderstood to be a semiprecious gem and has even been described in mineralogy textbooks. Confusion also persists surrounding the term "resin,"which was defined before rigorous chemical analyses were available. Resin is often confused with gum, a substance produced in plants in response to bacterial infections, and with sap, an aqueous solution transported through certain plant tissues. Resin differs from both gum and sap in that scientists have not determined a physiological function for resin.

In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects. Fraenkel conjectured that plants initially produced resin in nonspecific chemical responses to insect attack and that, over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects. But some insect species, he noted, might overcome the repellent effects, actually becoming attracted to the resin. This might induce the insects to feed on those plants or aid them in securing a breeding site. Later researchers suggested that resin mediates the complex interdependence, or "coevolution," of plants and insects over time. Such ideas led to the development of the specialized discipline of chemical ecology, which is concerned with the role of plant chemicals in interactions with other organisms and with the evolution and ecology of plant antiherbivore chemistry (plants' chemical defenses against attack by herbivores such as insects).

The author refers to "bacterial infections" most likely in order to (highlight)

describe the physiological function that gum performs in plants demonstrate that sap is not the only substance that is transported through a plants tissues explain how modern chemical analysis has been used to clarify the function of resin show that gum cannot serve as an effective defense against herbivores give an example of how confusion has arisen with regard to the nature of resin

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇介绍树脂（resin）是植物分泌物，化石树脂即琥珀（amber），但琥珀常被误解，“树脂”一词也常被混淆，它与树胶（gum）、树液（sap）不同且其生理功能未确定。接着讲述20世纪50年代昆虫学家提出树脂可能用于驱赶或吸引昆虫，Fraenkel推测植物起初对昆虫攻击产生非特异性化学响应分泌树脂，后来植物进化出有特定驱避作用的树脂，但有些昆虫物种会克服驱避作用。之后提到后来的研究者认为树脂介导了植物和昆虫的协同进化，这些想法推动了化学生态学这一学科的发展。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型：现象解释型。逻辑简图： Resin: plant secretion, fossilized is amber, often misunderstood and confused with gum and sap, no determined physiological function 1950s entomologists: repel or attract insects Fraenkel: initial non specific response, then evolved specific repellent effects, but some insects overcome Later researchers: mediate coevolution of plants and insects, led to chemical ecology 做题方法及问题类型
问题类型：细节目的题。做题方法：通过定位“bacterial infections”所在句子，分析其上下文，判断作者提及它的目的。定位提示句子为“Resin is often confused with gum, a substance produced in plants in response to bacterial infections, and with sap...” 。 选项分析
A. describe the physiological function that gum performs in plants：文中提到树胶是植物对细菌感染产生的物质，作者提及“bacterial infections”是为了描述树胶在植物中的生理功能（即对细菌感染做出反应），该项正确。 B. demonstrate that sap is not the only substance that is transported through a plants tissues：文中提及“bacterial infections”与树液是否是唯一在植物组织中运输的物质无关，该项错误。 C. explain how modern chemical analysis has been used to clarify the function of resin：文中未表明提及“bacterial infections”与现代化学分析澄清树脂功能有联系，该项错误。 D. show that gum cannot serve as an effective defense against herbivores：文章没有通过“bacterial infections”来表明树胶不能有效防御食草动物，该项错误。 E. give an example of how confusion has arisen with regard to the nature of resin：虽然文章整体在说树脂的混淆情况，但提及“bacterial infections”主要是说树胶的生理功能，而非举例说明树脂性质的混淆是如何产生的，该项错误。

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