【OG24-597题】The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?

Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions. There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change. Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization. Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate. Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.

正确答案： B

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出Jon Clark对电话交换机现代化的研究，涉及技术决定论和社会建构主义这两个在技术史和社会学领域的热门议题。接着阐述Clark的观点，即技术特性对工作技能和组织有决定性影响，而社会建构主义认为技术变化是利益相关方谈判的结果。然后说明建构主义通过错误表述技术决定论获得认可。最后Clark从理论和实证两方面反驳建构主义的极端观点。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为新旧观点对比。逻辑简图： Introduction：Jon Clark's study on telephone exchange modernization, related to technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark's view：Technology has a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Social constructivism view：Technological change is the outcome of negotiations. Constructivism's acceptance：By misrepresenting technological determinism. Clark's refutation：Theoretical and empirical arguments against constructivists' extremes. 问题类型及做题方法
问题类型为推断题。做题方法是根据题干中“if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance”这一定位提示，在文中寻找Clark对于社会建构主义未被广泛接受时的相关观点推断。 选项分析
A选项：文中未提及企业在不考虑社会后果时更可能现代化，无中生有，排除。 B选项：因为社会建构主义模糊了技术对社会变革的重要作用，若其未被广泛接受，那么就会有对技术在产生社会变革中所起作用的更深刻理解，该项正确。 C选项：文章未讨论企业对受现代化影响员工态度的理解与社会建构主义接受与否的关系，排除。 D选项：文中没有关于现代化速度与社会建构主义接受情况关联的内容，排除。 E选项：文章未提及技术在决定企业在社会中的角色方面与社会建构主义接受情况的联系，排除。

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