【OG24-598题】According to the passage, constructivists employed which of the following to promote their argument?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

According to the passage, constructivists employed which of the following to promote their argument?

Empirical studies of business situations involving technological change Citation of managers supportive of their position Construction of hypothetical situations that support their view Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of an opposing view Descriptions of the breadth of impact of technological change

正确答案： D

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出Jon Clark对电话交换机现代化影响的研究对技术史和社会学中技术决定论与社会建构主义这两个活跃问题的辩论有贡献。接着阐述Clark认为技术特性对工作技能和组织有决定性影响，而社会建构主义观点认为技术变化是利益相关方谈判的结果，技术系统的形状服从于管理者控制劳动过程的欲望。然后提到建构主义者通过错误表述技术决定论来获得认可。最后Clark从理论和实证两方面反驳建构主义者的极端观点。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型：新旧观点对比 逻辑简图： Clark's study contributes to debate on technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark: technology has decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Social constructivism: technological change is outcome of negotiations. Constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism. Clark refutes constructivists' extremes theoretically and empirically. 做题方法及问题类型
本题为细节题，通过定位关键词“constructivists”以及“promote their argument”，在文中找到相关描述进行判断。 选项分析
A选项：文中未提及建构主义者通过对涉及技术变革的商业情况的实证研究来推进其论点，无中生有，排除。 B选项：文章没有说建构主义者引用支持他们观点的管理者来推进论点，排除。 C选项：文中未表明建构主义者通过构建支持他们观点的假设情况来推进论点，排除。 D选项：文中提到“The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism”，即通过错误表述（歪曲）对立观点（技术决定论）来推进自己的观点，该项符合，当选。 E选项：文中没有说建构主义者通过描述技术变革影响的广度来推进论点，排除。

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