【OG24-599题】The author of the passage uses the expression "are supposed to" in highlight text primarily in order to_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society,capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

The author of the passage uses the expression "are supposed to" in highlight text primarily in order to

suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology engage in speculation about the motivation of determinists lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出Jon Clark对电话交换现代化影响的研究对技术史和社会学中技术决定论与社会建构论这两个议题的辩论有贡献。接着介绍Clark认为技术特性对工作技能和组织有决定性影响，这一观点被社会建构论（以Braverman分析为例）所掩盖，社会建构论认为技术变化是利益相关方谈判的结果。然后说明建构论者通过错误表述技术决定论来获得认可。最后提到Clark从理论和实证两方面反驳建构论者的极端观点。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型：新旧观点对比 逻辑简图： Jon Clark's study contributes to debate on technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark: technology has decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Social constructivism (exemplified by Braverman): technological change is outcome of negotiations. Constructivists misrepresent technological determinism. Clark refutes constructivists' extremes by theoretical and empirical arguments. 做题方法及问题类型
本题为细节目的题，通过定位到文中“technological determinists are supposed to believe”所在句子，分析作者使用“are supposed to”的目的。 选项分析
A选项：暗示建构论者关于决定论者的论点是不准确的。文中提到建构论者通过错误表述技术决定论来获得认可，“are supposed to”体现了这种错误表述，该选项符合文意，正确。 B选项：定义决定论者关于技术实施的普遍接受的立场。原文并非是在定义决定论者普遍接受的立场，而是在指出建构论者对决定论者的错误表述，该选项错误。 C选项：推测决定论者的动机。文中未提及关于决定论者动机的推测，该选项错误。 D选项：支持对决定论者立场的批评性评论。“are supposed to”主要是在揭示建构论者对决定论者的错误认知，而非支持对决定论者的批评，该选项错误。 E选项：对比决定论者的历史立场和他们关于交换现代化的立场。文中没有进行这样的对比，该选项错误。

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