【OG24-594题】Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?_mofa留学圈mofaGRE在线题库系统_GRE在线搜题_GRE题库解析_GRE真题机经_GRE课程_GRE培训机构

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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?

The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.

正确答案： C

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出Jon Clark对电话交换机现代化影响的研究，其贡献在于参与了技术决定论和社会建构主义这两个活跃议题的辩论。接着阐述Clark的观点，即技术特征对工作技能和组织有决定性影响，且技术可成为社会和管理组织的主要决定因素，同时介绍社会建构主义的观点，认为技术系统的形状从属于管理者控制劳动力的欲望，技术变革是利益相关方谈判的结果。然后提到建构主义者通过歪曲技术决定论获得认可。最后表明Clark从理论和实证两方面驳斥了建构主义者的极端观点。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为新旧观点对比。 Old view（social constructivism）：the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers; technological change is the outcome of negotiations among interested parties New view（Clark）：the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization; technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization Refutation：Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments 做题方法及问题类型
本题为细节题，通过在文章中定位“the modernization of the telephone exchange”相关内容来寻找答案。 选项分析
A选项：文章未提及新技术减少了管理者在劳动谈判中的作用，无中生有，排除。 B选项：文中没有提到现代化的实施是否得到受直接影响员工的同意，无中生有，排除。 C选项：根据文章内容，电话交换机现代化的影响不仅局限于维护常规工作，与原文相符，当选。 D选项：文章没有提及一些维护工人觉得被新技术迫害，无中生有，排除。 E选项：文章表明Clark驳斥了社会建构主义的极端观点，而不是现代化支持了社会建构主义倡导者的观点，与原文相悖，排除。

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