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In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by reserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1)the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction; (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands— i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws-and set aside or reserved; and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.

Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States' acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens' water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations

正确答案： B

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文章大意逻辑
文章开篇指出在Winters v. United States (1908)案中，最高法院判定美国印第安人对流经或毗邻Fort Berthold印第安保留地的水有权，这源于建立保留地的条约。尽管条约未提及水权，但法院认为联邦政府创建保留地时有意为印第安人保留水权。后来的判决依据Winters案确立了法院判定联邦为特定目的保留水权的条件。部分美国印第安部落还基于其在美获得主权前对特定水域的传统分流和使用，通过法院确立水权，如格兰德河普韦布洛部落，尽管其土地未按常规成为联邦公共土地或印第安保留地，但Winters原则仍适用，这种务实做法得到Arizona v. California (1963)案支持。 文章类型及逻辑简图
文章类型为总分结构。逻辑简图： Winters v. United States (1908): Supreme Court held water rights reserved to American Indians by reservation establishing treaty Later decisions: Criteria for federal water reservation rights Some American Indian tribes: Water rights based on traditional use, e.g., Rio Grande pueblos Arizona v. California (1963): Supported pragmatic approach 问题类型及做题方法
问题类型为主旨题。做题方法是通过梳理文章整体内容，把握文章围绕美国印第安部落水权的法律依据展开论述这一核心。 选项分析
A选项：“trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations”（追溯建立美国印第安保留地法律的发展），文章重点并非建立保留地法律的发展，而是印第安部落水权的法律依据，该选项偏离主旨，排除。 B选项：“explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes”（解释美国印第安部落水权的法律依据），符合文章围绕Winters案及相关判决、案例阐述印第安部落水权法律基础的主旨，当选。 C选项：“question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes”（质疑常用于确定美国印第安部落水权的法律标准），文章没有质疑相关法律标准，而是在阐述，排除。 D选项：“discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians”（讨论确定联邦政府最早承认美国印第安人水权日期的证据），文章未提及确定最早承认日期的证据，排除。 E选项：“point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations”（指出不同类型美国印第安保留地之间的法律区别），文章重点不是保留地之间的法律区别，而是水权法律依据，排除。

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